Intentional Camera Movement or ICM is a creative way of working with long exposure photography and it implies deliberately moving the camera during an exposure. ICM is both a technique and an artistic way of expression. It can be used as a tool to modify reality, with the intent of creating an emotional response in the viewer.

There is not much free information you can find about intentional camera movement online, this is why I felt the need to fill in the gaps and create this complete ICM guide. I intend this guide as an overall tool for studying this technique, both for those wanting to learn ICM from scratch, as well as for advanced photographers working already with this style but wanting to  perfect it or to find some inspiration.

COMPLETE GUIDE TO ICM

PART 1 – INTRODUCTION: ARTISTIC BACKGROUND AND TECHNIQUE

This is the first part of this guide where I wil present some more general principles and interpretations of this style in photography, plus talk about the technique itself and how one can create an ICM image, from the point of view of choosing the subject, the exposure time, the equipment etc., so the result is a fie art photograph. In Part 2 I will elaborate on the more advanced technique  of creating panoramic ICM images and on the artistic background and interpretation of this technique.

Flowing Dance III © Julia Anna Gospodarou

I am starting this guide with a new ICM image I made in the series Flowing Dance, a series of intentional camera movement images I started a few years ago. This image is called Flowing Dance III and it was shot in the Pindus Mountains in Greece. I am working on some more ICM images at the moment, taken in different places around the world, like New York, Paris, London, and some of them are panoramic ICM images, something I’m going to talk about more extensively later here and especially in Part 2 of this guide to intentional camera movement.

INTENTIONAL CAMERA MOVEMENT VS LONG EXPOSURE, AND THE FREEDOM OF ART

Intentional camera movement is a very effective technique that changes the way reality looks and it can create powerful images if used right. Even if it is similar as concept with traditional long exposure photography, intentional camera movement is a more free approach to photography that can provide more artistic surprises compared to traditional long exposure.

For an extensive guide on working with long exposure photography, from technical and artistic point of view, you can watch my recently released fine art long exposure video tutorial.

Also we will study long exposure extensively at my upcoming New York Workshop on September 1-3.

“Sharpness is a bourgeois concept.”

– Henri Cartier-Bresson

In a world of photography sometimes obsessed by sharpness and detail, intentional camera movement can seem counter-intuitive and is not always easily understood and accepted, even by some of those with an eye trained in art. In my opinion however, it is one of the most powerful artistic techniques in photography, a technique that brings the freedom of art to this rather technical mean of expression.
Some of the most interesting photographers working with international camera movement are/were Ernst Hass (1921–1986), Chris Friel, Douglas Barkey, Erik Malm  and I encourage you to go see the work of those photographers to understand how much this technique can bring photography close to art.

ONE STEP FURTHER – A DIFFERENT WAY OF CREATING ICM – PANORAMIC INTENTIONAL CAMERA MOVEMENT IMAGES

The Substance of Memories I – Manhattan New York – © Julia Anna Gospodarou 2016

I have used international camera movement several times in the past and lately I am working on a series of panoramic intentional camera movement images, called The Substance of Memories.

To my knowledge, combining intentional camera movement with the panoramic technique hasn’t been done before, so in this respect I hope to be bringing something interesting and original to your attention, in case you are in search of new ways of expression.

One of my favorite occupations, from the time I was a kid, was to try to do the things others did, in a different way.  I’m not sure if it was just me setting a creativity challenge to myself or if it was my personal way of expression, but I know I’m stil doing it, even with the risk sometimes for my artistic intentions to not be understood immediately.  Using ICM combined with panoramic photography can easily be considered one of those  “eureka artistic moments”  when I discovered a new world of expression.

You can see above the first image in my new series, The Substance of Memories I, shot in Manhattan New York I created by stitching 18 independent photographs.

I will explain into more detail how I created this image in the econd part of this tutorial that I will publish soon, but as a principle idea, what I do in this series is to combine multiple international camera movement images taken in a panoramic array, and then stitch them together to create a multiple motion effect.

In a way, this means taking the ICM technique one step further on the path of abstraction, since now the result is not only an image with motion in one direction, but an image with different directions of motion flowing into each other.

INTENTIONAL CAMERA MOVEMENT – AN IMPRESSIONISTIC VIEW OVER THE WORLD

This interlacing of multiple directions of motion in one image, as the ones one can create in a panoramic ICM image, triggers for me the association with the Impressionist painters, who were interested in removing the detail and the elements of concrete reality from their paintings, in order to facilitate the transmission of the impression of emotion to the viewers.

This is what I see myself in intentional camera movement and especially in combining different images in a panorama, to create this flow of motion that removes the details in order to reach deeper into the essence of the scene I am photographing.
You can see below, by putting side by side this famous impressionist painting from 1884 by George Seurat (1859-1891), A Sunday on La Grande Jatte,  with a photograph taken from the same angle with the intention to recreate the original scene,  what means to remove the detail from the painted objects and reduce the scene to the level of “impression”.

Similarly, in the case of  Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890) and his painting Café Terrace at Night from 1888, compared with the recording of the location in a photograph, you can see that the result of removing detail in Impressionism is triggering an intense emotion by bringing the viewer closer to the essence of the scene. One can understand much easier the idea and the intention behind the painting without unnecessary details cluttering the scene.

Another artist whose work gives you the same feeling as intentional camera movement images, and one of my favorites artists, is the painter Francis Bacon (1909-1992). I’ve wrote about Bacon also in the book From Basics to Fine Art – Black and White Photography when I was talking about motion blur photography. You can find in the book a comprehensive guide for creating motion blur images. And again Bacon is coming to my mind when I think about the ICM technique, another technique in photography that creates an artistic effect, especially when I think about his portraits.  Not a coincidence, I would say.

You can read here a very interesting (and thought-provoking) interview with Francis Bacon on an interesting (and thought-provoking) photography/art oriented website, American Suburb X ASX

Francis Bacon – Three Studies for Self-Portrait III

The principles all these aforementioned painters use is the same with the artistic intention of intentional camera movement. We can reduce or remove the detail as much as we need, so the remaining object is not necessarily what we see, but what we imagine related to the scene. In this respect, we are moving from the place of recording reality to the place of recreating reality. We rely on different rules when we do this, so to avoid the connotations one would normally make with known shapes or objects. This creates an open space for imagination to fill in the gaps with each viewer’s version of the story.

HOW TO CREATE AN INTENTIONAL CAMERA MOVEMENT IMAGE

Flowing Dance III © Julia Anna Gospodarou – ICM Vertical Movement – Image Details: 49mm, f/29, 0,8 sec, ISO 100

In intentional camera movement image is in essence a long exposure image that uses a “short” long exposure time.

The main principle to keep in mind in intentional camera movement is that the longer the exposure the more abstract the image and the less clear the subject.

EXPOSURE TIMES IN INTENTIONAL CAMERA MOVEMENT

The indicated exposure times to use can start from less than a second (1/30 – 1/20) and go up to a few seconds (2-3 maybe slightly more), in some cases being possible to extend the exposure to many seconds for a more special result.

I would consider the fastest shutter speed where you can get enough blur for an intentional camera movement image 1/30, or even better 1/10.

In my image The Substance of Memories I used a shutter speed of 1/20 which can be considered too fast for this kind of technique. If needed I can make a perfectly sharp image while handholding the camera at this shutter speed, but at the same time I can make an image containing motion too if I use a different technique. By using the tripod here I was able to introduce even more motion than I would have been able to create handholding the camera, while at the same time, by using a faster shutter speed than the regular speed for an ICM image, I avoided reducing too much the detail so I can create the effect I had in mind.
However normally you would want to use longer exposure times to create a strong enough effect.

WHEN TO SHOOT INTENTIONAL CAMERA MOVEMENT IMAGES

The best time to shoot intentional camera movement is when the light is dimmer, around dusk or down, but you can practically shoot ICM to any time if you use the right tools to create the right exposure (see how in the Tips & Tricks section below).

ICM TIPS AND TRICKS

Tips & Tricks: No. 1 – Amount and Direction of Motion

In order for the technique to be successful, one needs to be careful and create enough motion, so the resulted image shows clearly the intention and doesn’t look like an image blurred by mistake.

Also, the direction of movement can totally change the end result and its expressiveness, so choosing the most fit direction of movement is another important aspect to have in mind and experiment with.

Tips & Tricks: No. 2 – Panning Control

Another good trick for when you are panning the camera to create intentional motion, just like in the case of any image you take with panning (see sports and car photography – shooting cars in motion etc.) you will get better results if you start panning before pressing the shutter and keep panning for a little while after the exposure s over. This will give you smoother motion and create more fluency and more uniform blur in the image.

Tips & Tricks: No. 3 – ISO and ND Filters

Choose the lowest ISO of your camera to have more freedom with the length of the exposure. In case the exposure you want to use is not possible at the lowest ISO of your camera you can use a low intensity neutral density filter to lengthen the exposure. Most of the times a 3-stop or 6-stop ND filter will be enough and you do not need to use your strong ND filters like the 10-stop or the 16-stop. Keep those for truly long exposures.

Tips & Tricks: No. 4 – Polarizing Filter

Firecrest Polarizing Filter – Formatt Hitech

Using a polarizing filter can not only reduce up to 2 stops the light that reaches your sensor, thus give you the freedom to use longer shutter speeds, like in the case of using an ND filter, but it also enhances the colors and contrast in the image, so I am recommending it as a good addition when shooting ICM. My students an whoever knows me, knows I am a fervent advocate of the polarizing filter especially for shooting handheld and I am using it 90% of the time when I shoot short exposures and sometimes even when I shoot long exposures.

Tips & Tricks: No. 5 – Experimentation and Happenstance

Even more than in other kinds of photography, in intentional camera movement, experimentation is not only a way of learning the technique and exploring ideas, but it is actually one of the ways you can create great images. The randomness of this technique is something to be used to control the result. In a strange way, you can control the result and create better images if you aim to control less the motion of the camera. This style of photography being mostly abstract, it relies on randomness and on happenstance, so the more you experiment and the more you play with the camera movement and the settings, the more chances you have to create original striking images.

HOW TO CREATE A PANORAMIC INTENTIONAL CAMERA MOVEMENT IMAGE

This is something I’m going to show more in detail in the second part of this tutorial, so feel free to come visit this website again in a couple of weeks to read the continuation or subscribe to receive it via email in your inbox.

MOTION DIRECTIONS IN INTENTIONAL CAMERA MOVEMENT

Flowing Dance II © Julia Anna Gospodarou – ICM Circular Movement – Image Details: 60mm, f/32, 0,8 sec, ISO 100

The direction of movement of the camera, the panning direction, is an important aspect of ICM and it helps the artistic intention to be clearly manifested. Different panning directions can give different results and create different reactions.
The direction of movement can be:

• Vertical (panning the camera)
• Horizontal (panning the camera)
•  Diagonal (panning the camera)
• Circular (rotating the camera)
• Zoomed (zooming the camera during the exposure)
• Random (moving the camera in an irregular way)

I would recommend you to experiment with all these movements to understand what works best for your image, and even combine these movements in longer intentional camera movement exposures.

COLOR OR BLACK AND WHITE INTENTIONAL CAMERA MOVEMENT – DEGREES OF ABSTRACTION

Flowing Dance III © Julia Anna Gospodarou – ICM Horizontal Movement – Image Details: 170mm, f/40, 1 sec, ISO 100

In my opinion both color and black and white work well when using international camera movement. They do not create the same effect but they can both create intense results. This is because the technique itself introduces an important level of abstraction in the image, which makes both the use of black and white or color have more symbolic meaning, since they are not used to represent the objects as they are, but to create an impression and trigger a reaction in the viewer.

One of the intentions of fine art photography is to create an image of the world that is different than the one we perceive when looking at the world in an objective way. Abstracting the elements we present in a photograph, either in a classical way, by making an abstract image from a shape/color standpoint, or by abstracting in a more subtle way, by introducing symbols, is one of the most effective way of making a fine art photograph and to create more than photography, to create (en)Visionography. You can read more here about what (en)Visionography means.

In ICM we can do both, abstracting from a shape/color standpoint, and introduce symbols as elements of the image.
The reaction of the viewer to an ICM image is different than his reaction to a regular sharp image. The viewer will be looking for different things in each image. While in a regular image we may look for sharpness and detail and try to obtain information about the image and the intention of the artist from studying these aspects, in ICM what we look for is the sensation, the mysterious effect of combining shapes and colors which opens the gates of imagination.

This is how an international camera movement image should be experienced, by resorting to our own imagination and not by trying to identify or label the objects we see in the image.
By using international camera movement we remove information, so that we can add our own information as a reaction to the photograph.
In this respect, both color and black and white can create very powerful images.
Below you can see Flowing Dance IV, the black and white version of the image we started with.

Julia Anna Gospodarou – Flowing Dance IV – ICM Horizontal Movement – Image Details: 170mm, f/40, 1 sec, ISO 100

Black and white is already a way of abstracting reality, and by applying movement to a color scene, the color becomes abstract too, so the way we experience movement in color is similar to the way we experience movement in black and white. Color is one of the elements that anchors us in reality by associating it with shapes, so if we remove the shapes by using movement, and keep only the color, the image becomes more abstract, reality becomes more faded, and imagination can take its place.

Another reason why black and white and color can both work well with ICM is that the movement is in the ICM images the most important aspect of the image and the element we notice and experience first.

INTENTIONAL CAMERA MOVEMENT EQUIPMENT

The good news is that to work with ICM you do not need very advanced or sophisticated gear and you can even create ICM with a phone. Of course the better the camera, the more quality your RAW image will have, but from an artistic point of view there are no differences.
The only thing you need is a camera where you can set the shutter speed manually and work either in Shutter Priority or in Manual mode to be able to control the exposure time. I like to work in Manual because I’m generally working in Manual to have the most amount of control over my capture, but Shutter Priority is just fine if you prefer it.

The main recommended shooting modes to use in intentional camera movement are: Manual and Shutter Priority.

If you want to practice intentional camera movement with your phone, there is an interesting application for iPhone called Slow Shutter Camera  that will help you do this and that is available even when you don’t have your “serious” camera equipment with you. I am not sure if there is an equivalent for Android. If you know of one let me know in the comments and I will add it here.

USING A TRIPOD IN INTENTIONAL CAMERA MOVEMENT – AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE TRADITIONAL HANDHELD TECHNIQUE

Intentional camera movement images are traditionally made by using a handheld camera. This gives a high degree of freedom to the movement and can create unexpected results. However in my ICM series I like to use a tripod and I think this can be an interesting way of working with international camera movement.
Using a tripod when working with international camera movement may reduce the freedom of the movement, but it can create more accurate results because we can keep the camera level in one direction and can control better how the scene in front of us is recorded on the sensor.
Using a tripod is best for shooting vertical, horizontal or diagonal movement and it can introduce a higher degree of control when using these directions of motion.

Use a tripod for more accuracy when creating motion.

SUBJECTS SUITED FOR INTENTIONAL CAMERA MOVEMENT

The typical subject for ICM and what you will see mostly as subject for this style of photography is landscape, but any subject can make a good subject for this technique as long as it can tell a story when it becomes an abstraction.
Below are a few ideas of subjects to experiment with an how you can use them.

1. Landscape

1. Individual trees
2. Forests
3. Autumn colors
4. Grass
5. Rivers
6. Waterfalls
7. Birds flying
8. Horses
9. Clouds

2. Seascapes

1. Individual waves
2. Sea as a whole
3. Rocks in the sea
4. Ships or boats floating on water
5. Sunrise or sunset on the sea

3. Architecture

1. Cityscapes
2. Architectural details
3. Abstract architecture
4. Patterns

4. People

1. Individual persons against an uniform background
2. Groups of people or crowds
3. Portraits

5. Cars, trains or other vehicle

6. Fireworks

7. Lights in the dark

8. Anything

Any subject can be a good subject for ICM since the resulted image will be an abstract one, so it will not look like the subject in its natural state but it can be transformed into something totally different.

CONCLUSION TO PART 1 OF THE GUIDE

I hope you got some useful pieces of information and ideas about intentional camera movement from this article and, as I was mentioning earlier, I will be back with the second part of this tutorial, talking even more about the practical and also the artistic side of this style of photography and how it can be used to create a fine art photograph, plus more on how to create a panoramic intentional camera movement image.

FURTHER STUDY RESOURCES – FINE ART BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY, ARCHITECTURE, LONG EXPOSURE

You can find more tutorials on fine art black and white photography, (en)Visionography, long exposure photography and architectural photography in my extensive collection of photography tutorials. To receive my future tutorials directly via email you can subscribe to my website.
More about how to create fine art photography, from vision till processing and the final image you can read in my book From Basics to Fine Art – Black and White Photography, with co-author Joel Tjintjelaar, and in my video tutorial Long Exposure, Architecture, Fine Art Photography – Creating (en)Visionography a hands-on tutorial accompanied by an eBook presenting my processing workflow, or attend one of my workshops.

Julia Anna Gospodarou – (en)Visionographer

Julia Anna Gospodarou is an internationally acclaimed photographer, author and educator, teaching workshops and lecturing around the world. Founder of (en)Visionography™ and Photography Drawing™, co-author of the best-selling book From Basics to Fine Art, with high distinctions in the most important photography competitions worldwide, published internationally in numerous books and magazines, Julia is passionate about art and striving to spread it into the world.